The burden of hearing loss in Kaduna, Nigeria: a 4-year study at the National Ear Care Centre (2024)

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Risk Factors and Identifiable Causes of Hearing Impairment among Pediatric Age Group in Kaduna, Nigeria

Samdi musa

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Introduction The World Health Organization reported that about 360 million (328 million adults and 32 million children) people worldwide have disabling hearing loss. [1] Hearing loss in children may be inherited, caused by maternal rubella or complications at birth, certain infectious diseases such as meningitis, measles, chronic ear infections, use of ototoxic drugs, and exposure to excessive noise. Most of the cases of hearing loss are avoidable through primary prevention. [1] A study in schoolchildren in Nigeria showed that out of 1500 pupils, 35 (2.3%) had chronic suppurative otitis media and 46.9% had associated hearing loss in one or both ears. [2] Permanent hearing loss can occur at any age, but about 25% of the current burden is of childhood onset. Annually, up to 6/1000 live-born infants or 798,000 babies worldwide suffer permanent hearing loss at birth or within the neonatal period, and at least 90% of them are in developing countries. [3] Primary prevention through immunization, genetic counselling, and improved antenatal and perinatal care may help to address some environmental causes, such as birth trauma, infection, and neonatal jaundice requiring an exchange of blood transfusion but has a limited impact on genetic or hereditary etiologies, such as the connexin 26, Pendred, and Usher syndromes. [4] There is, therefore, a need to conduct this study with focus on identifying risk factors and causes of hearing impairment among children in Kaduna, Nigeria. Background: Most of the cases of pediatric hearing loss are avoidable through primary prevention. This study aims to identify the common risk factors/identifiable causes and types of hearing loss among the pediatric age group in the study location. Methods: A retrospective study of pediatric patients diagnosed with hearing loss. The clinical records of these patients seen at the study centre from 2009 to 2012 were reviewed. Demography, histories of risk factors, and type of hearing loss were obtained from the record. The data collected were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 16. Results: Three hundred and twenty-one (10.33%) children were diagnosed with hearing loss with a male-to-female ratio 1.8:1. The average age at diagnosis was 2.65 and 3.35 years for bilateral and unilateral hearing loss, respectively, with bilateral hearing loss, 304 (94.70%), and unilateral hearing loss, 17 (5.29%). Furthermore, 235 (73.20%) children had predisposing risk factors while 86 (26.79%) had no identifiable risk factor. The most common risk factor was febrile illness and its treatment in 163 (50.7%), followed by middle ear infections in 29 (9.03%). A family history of hearing loss, prematurity, or complicated perinatal course was found in 17 (5.29%) patients. Seven (2.18%) cases had sickle cell disease. Sensorineural hearing loss was observed in 228 (71.0%) in the right ear and 222 (69.2%) in the left ear while conductive hearing loss accounted for 21 (6.54%) and 25 (7.78%), respectively, while the mixed hearing loss was 9 (3.1%). Conclusion: Hearing loss constitutes about 10.33% of all pediatric ear, nose, and throat diseases within the period under review. There were more males than females. Febrile illnesses and their treatment are the most common risk factors. The most common cause of these fevers was meningitis, measles, malaria, mumps, and sepsis. Sensorineural hearing loss is also the most common type of hearing loss.

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Aetiology of Profound Bilateral Sensorineural Hearing Loss in Children : Clinical Spectrum in North-Eastern Nigeria

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The burden of hearing loss in Kaduna, Nigeria: a 4-year study at the National Ear Care Centre (2024)

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